Ependyma is the thin
epithelial membrane lining the
ventricular system of the
brain
and the
spinal cord. Ependyma is one of the four types of
neuroglia in the
central nervous system. It is involved in the production of
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
Ependymal Cells
The ependyma is made up of ependymal cells. These are the
epithelial
cells that line the CSF-filled
ventricles in the brain and the
central canal of the spinal cord. The cells are
cuboidal/columnar. Their
apical surfaces are covered in a layer of
cilia, which circulate CSF around the central nervous
system. Their apical surfaces are also covered with
microvilli, which absorb CSF. Within the brain's ventricles,
a population of modified ependymal cells and capillaries
together form a system called the
choroid plexus, which produces the CSF.
Pathology
Ependymoma is a tumor of the ependyma.
Stem cells
Jonas Frisén and his colleagues at the
Karolinska Institute in
Stockholm believe that ependyma is the prime candidate for
the location of neural
stem cells.[1]
References
- ^
Johansson CB, Momma S,
Clarke DL, Risling M, Lendahl U, Frisen J (1999).
"Identification of a neural stem cell in the adult mammalian
central nervous system.". Cell 96 (1): 25-34.
PMID 9989494.
External links
|
Brain:
telencephalon (cerebrum,
cerebral cortex,
cerebral hemispheres) |
|
Primary sulci/fissures |
Medial longitudinal,
Lateral,
Central,
Parietoöccipital,
Calcarine,
Cingulate,
Callosal
Collateral fissure |
|
Frontal lobe |
Precentral gyrus (Primary
motor cortex,
4),
Precentral sulcus,
Superior frontal gyrus/Frontal
eye fields (6,
8,
9),
Middle frontal gyrus (46),
Inferior frontal gyrus (44-Pars
opercularis,
45-Pars
triangularis),
Orbitofrontal cortex (10,
11,
12,
47) |
|
Parietal lobe |
Somatosensory cortex (Primary
(1, 2, 3,
43),
Secondary (5)),
Precuneus (7m),
Parietal lobules (Arcuate
fasciculus/Superior
(7l),
Inferior (40)),
Angular gyrus (39),
Intraparietal sulcus,
Marginal sulcus |
|
Occipital lobe |
Primary visual cortex (17),
Cuneus,
Lingual gyrus,
18,
19 -
Lateral occipital sulcus |
|
Temporal lobe |
Primary auditory cortex (41,
42),
Superior temporal gyrus (38,
22),
Middle temporal gyrus (21),
Inferior temporal gyrus (20),
Fusiform gyrus (37)
Medial temporal lobe (Amygdala,
Hippocampus,
Parahippocampal gyrus (27,
28,
34,
35,
36) |
|
Cingulate cortex/gyrus |
Subgenual area (25),
anterior cingulate (24,
32,
33),
Posterior cingulate (23,
31),
Retrosplenial cortex (26,
29,
30),
Supracallosal gyrus |
|
white matter tracts |
Corpus callosum (Splenium,
Genu,
Rostrum,
Tapetum),
Septum pellucidum,
Internal capsule,
Corona radiata,
External capsule,
Olfactory tract,
Fornix (Commissure
of fornix),
Anterior commissure,
Posterior commissure
Terminal stria
Superior and
Inferior longitudinal fasciculus,
uncinate fasciculus,
cingulum,
Inferior occipitofrontal fasciculus |
|
Neurotransmitter systems |
Dopamine system (mesocortical
pathway,
mesolimbic pathway,
nigrostriatal pathway,
tuberoinfundibular pathway) |
|
Basal ganglia |
Striatum (Putamen,Caudate
nucleus,
Nucleus accumbens),
Globus pallidus,
Claustrum,
Subthalamic nucleus,
Substantia nigra |
| Other |
Insular cortex
Olfactory bulb,
Anterior olfactory nucleus,
Septal nuclei,
Basal optic nucleus of Meynert |
|
Some categorizations are approximations, and some
Brodmann areas span gyri. |
|
[hide]
Histology:
nervous tissue |
|
Neurons (gray
matter) |
soma,
axon (axon
hillock,
axoplasm,
axolemma,
neurofibril/neurofilament),
dendrite (Nissl
body,
dendritic spine,
apical dendrite,
basal dendrite)
types (bipolar,
pseudounipolar,
multipolar,
pyramidal,
Purkinje,
granule) |
|
Afferent nerve/Sensory
nerve/Sensory
neuron |
GSA,
GVA,
SSA,
SVA,
fibers (Ia,
Ib or Golgi,
II or Aβ,
III or Aδ or fast pain,
IV or C or slow pain) |
|
Efferent nerve/Motor
nerve/Motor
neuron |
GSE,
GVE,
SVE,
Upper motor neuron,
Lower motor neuron (α
motorneuron,
γ motorneuron) |
|
Synapses |
neuropil,
synaptic vesicle,
neuromuscular junction,
electrical synapse -
Interneuron (Renshaw) |
|
Sensory receptors |
Free nerve ending,
Meissner's corpuscle,
Merkel nerve ending,
Muscle spindle,
Pacinian corpuscle,
Ruffini ending,
Olfactory receptor neuron,
Photoreceptor cell,
Hair cell,
Taste bud |
|
Glial cells |
astrocyte,
oligodendrocyte, ependymal
cells,
microglia,
radial glia |
|
Myelination (white
matter) |
Schwann cell,
oligodendrocyte,
nodes of Ranvier,
internode,
Schmidt-Lanterman incisures,
neurolemma |
| Related
connective tissues |
epineurium,
perineurium,
endoneurium,
nerve fascicle,
meninges |
